Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory pathogen first identified in 2001. It is known to cause infections ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory illnesses, particularly in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

Origin and Introduction

HMPV was initially isolated in the Netherlands in 2001, though retrospective studies suggest it had been circulating in humans for several decades prior. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, sharing similarities with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The virus is distributed globally and is a common cause of respiratory infections, especially during the winter and spring months.

Recent Outbreak in China

In late 2024, China experienced a significant surge in HMPV cases. The Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention reported that, during the week of December 16 to 22, HMPV accounted for 6.2% of positive respiratory illness tests and 5.4% of related hospitalizations, surpassing other viruses like COVID-19, rhinovirus, and adenovirus. This increase led to overcrowded hospitals, particularly affecting children under 14.

Transmission and Causes

HMPV spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated surfaces followed by touching the face. The virus targets the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms that can range from mild to severe.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of HMPV infection include:

  • Cough
  • Fever
  • Nasal congestion
  • Sore throat
  • Wheezing
  • Shortness of breath

In severe cases, especially among vulnerable populations, it can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia.

Precautions and Prevention

To reduce the risk of HMPV infection:

  • Practice regular hand hygiene with soap and water.
  • Avoid close contact with individuals exhibiting respiratory symptoms.
  • Disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
  • Use tissues or elbows to cover coughs and sneezes.
  • Wear masks in crowded or high-risk areas.

These measures are effective in preventing the spread of respiratory viruses, including HMPV.

Global Impact and Situation in India

Following the outbreak in China, other countries, including India, reported HMPV cases. In early January 2025, India confirmed infections in infants in Bengaluru and Ahmedabad. The Indian Health Ministry stated there is no direct link between these cases and the Chinese surge, noting that the virus has been observed in India multiple times, particularly during the winter season.

Treatment and Vaccination

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV. Management focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms:

  • Staying hydrated
  • Using fever reducers
  • Employing decongestants

In severe cases, especially when pneumonia develops, hospitalization may be required for oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. Research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines and antiviral therapies against HMPV.

Conclusion

HMPV is a well-recognized respiratory virus with global prevalence. The recent surge in cases, particularly in China, underscores the importance of vigilance and adherence to preventive measures. While the situation is being closely monitored, health authorities advise that there is no cause for alarm, emphasizing the effectiveness of standard precautions in mitigating the spread of HMPV and other respiratory viruses.